Swine influenza is a common name, given the relatively new influenza (flu), that caused the influenza pandemic in 2009-2010. It is also known as H1N1 (because it is the H1N1 strain of the virus). From now on, these pages refer to patients with influenza H1N1.

Current Situation

10. August 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that the pandemic influenza H1N1 has been officially ended. However, it is important not to ignore the H1N1 flu. The H1N1 flu is a virus circulating this winter main. Thus, H1N1 influenza in the vaccine against seasonal influenza 2010-11. Vaccination It is recommended that people in high risk groups get vaccinated against the H1N1 influenza (flu). This includes all pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy. Pregnant women in high-risk groups and those not in high-risk groups are encouraged to take the seasonal flu vaccine, which protects against the H1N1 virus. This is because there is good evidence that all pregnant women are at higher risk for complications from influenza H1N1. For more information, see the advice for pregnant women. So far, only pregnant women in high-risk groups were invited to take the vaccine against seasonal influenza. General information about influenza, see Health Topics AZ of seasonal flu and seasonal influenza vaccine.

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What if you have the flu H1N1

People with H1N1 have typically a fever or high temperature (over 38C or 100.4F) and may also have muscle aches, sore throat or dry cough (see symptoms of the flu). The symptoms are very similar to other types of seasonal flu. Most people recover within a week, even without special treatment. If you think you have influenza H1N1, consult your doctor. They decide the most appropriate action to take. National Pandemic Influenza service no longer works.

High-risk groups

Some people are at higher risk for complications from influenza. People are particularly vulnerable if:

• Chronic lung (long term)
• Chronic heart disease
• Chronic kidney disease
• Chronic liver disease
• Chronic neurological disease (neurological diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease)
• Immunosuppression (whether caused by disease or treatment)
• Diabetes

Also at risk are:

• Patients who have undergone treatment of asthma medications during the last three years
• Pregnant women
• People aged 65 and over

View H1N1 – Prevention for a complete list of persons recommended to have vaccination against flu this year.

Halting the spread of the virus

The main way to stop the spread of influenza is to have good respiratory and hand hygiene. This means sneeze into a tissue and quickly placed in a tray. Wash your hands and work surfaces frequently and thoroughly to eliminate the virus. Anyone who is concerned about flu symptoms should consult their physician to determine the most appropriate measures to take.

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Epidemic

An epidemic is a sudden outbreak of a disease that spreads through a population in a short period of time.

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bacteriology

Bacteria, along with blue-green algae, are prokaryotic cells. That is, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus; rather the genetic material is constrained to an area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells also do not have cytoplasmic compartment such as mitochondria and lysosomes that are found in eukaryotes. However, a structure that is found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotic pet cells is the cell wall which allows bacteria to resist osmotic stress and anxiety. These cell walls differ in complexness and bacteria are generally divided into two major groups, the gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, which reflect their cell wall structure. The ownership of this cell wall, which is not a component of animal cells, gives rise to the different antibiotic sensitivities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes also differ in some very important metabolic path ways, specifically in their power metabolic processes and many bacterial varieties can embrace an anaerobic existence. In this section, we shall look at the structure of typical bacterial cells and the ways in which they liberate power from complicated organic molecules. Various aspects of bacterial structure and metabolism are the basis of bacterial identification and taxonomy. Bacteria are constantly accumulating mutational changes and their environment imposes a strong selective pressure on them. Thus, they constantly and rapidly evolve. In addition, they exchange genetic information, usually between members of the same species but occasionally between members of different species. We shall see how this occurs. Microorganisms have parasites, the viruses called bacteriophages which are obligate intracellular parasitic organisms that multiply inside bacteria by making use of some or all of the host biosynthetic machinery. Subsequently, these lyze the infected microbial cell liberating new infection phage particles. The interrelationships of bacteria and the phages will be researched. Finally, we shall look at basic aspects of microbial pathogenesis, that is how bacteria damage the host organism, before surveying a variety of human sicknesses that are triggered by bacteria.

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