Actinomycosis is a long-term bacterial infection that commonly affects the face and neck.

Causes, incidence and risk factors

Actinomycosis is usually caused by anaerobic bacteria called Actinomyces Israel, which is common and usually cause disease (nonpathogenic) organisms are present in the nose and throat.

actinomycosis Due to the location of the normal bacteria in the nose and throat, usually occurs in the face and neck. However, the infection can sometimes occur in the chest (pulmonary actinomycosis), abdomen, pelvis or other areas of the body. The infection is not contagious.

The symptoms occur when the bacterium is tissue after trauma, surgery or infections. Start the most common causes of dental abscess or oral surgery. The infection is also seen in some women who have had a worm to prevent pregnancy.

Once in the tissue, an abscess, producing a hard, red to purple lump sum, often in the jaw, hence the common name for the condition, “the jaw into pieces.”

Eventually, the abscess breaks through the surface of the skin to produce a tube of sinus drainage.

 

Symptoms

• Drainage of skin wounds, especially in the chest wall from lung infection with Actinomyces
• Fever
• Little or no pain
• Swelling or a hard, red, reddish-purple flat sides of the neck or upper
• Weight Loss

Signs and tests

• Tissue culture or fluid shows Actinomyces species.
• The examination of fluid filtered through a microscope shows “sulfur granules” in the fluid. It is yellowish granules made of the merged organizations.
• Microscopic examination shows bacteria Actinomyces.

Treatment

Treatment of actinomycosis usually requires antibiotics for several months to a year. Surgical drainage or surgical excision may be necessary. If the condition is related to the IUD, the device must be removed.

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Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic illness. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA viruses of positive sense of the family Flaviviridae.

The yellow fever virus is transmitted by the bite of female mosquitoes (the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti and other species) are found in tropical and subtropical South America and Africa, but not Asia. The only known hosts of the virus are primates and several species of mosquitoes. The origin of the disease is more likely to have been Africa, where it was introduced in South America through the slave trade in the 16th century. Since 17 century, several major outbreaks of disease have been recorded in America, Africa and Europe. In the 19th century, yellow fever is considered one of the most dangerous infectious diseases.

Yellow fever occurs in most cases of fever, nausea and pain and usually disappear after a few days. In some patients, a toxic phase follows, where liver damage with jaundice (with the name of the disease) may occur and lead to death. Due to the increased bleeding tendency (bleeding diathesis), yellow fever is part of the haemorrhagic fever. WHO estimates that yellow fever causes 200,000 illnesses and 30,000 deaths every year in unvaccinated populations, about 90% of infections occur in Africa.

A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever has existed since the mid 20 th century and some countries require vaccination for travelers. Since no known cure, vaccination programs, including measures to reduce the population of mosquitoes, of great importance in the affected areas. Since the 1980′s, the number of cases of yellow fever has risen, so it is re-emerging disease.

Signs and symptoms

Yellow fever occurs after an incubation period of three to six days. Most of the cases only because of a mild fever, headache, chills, back pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. In these cases, the infection lasts three to four days. 15% of patients enter a second phase of the disease toxic relapsing fever, this time accompanied by jaundice due to liver damage, and abdominal pain. Bleeding in the mouth, eyes and gastrointestinal tract can cause vomiting blood (which gives the name of black vomit). The toxic phase is fatal in about 20% of cases, so the overall mortality rate of the disease of 3% (15% * 20%).

Survive infection causes a life-long immunity, and usually do not have permanent organ damage.

Treatment

For yellow fever, as for all diseases caused by flaviviruses, no etiological treatment. The hospital is desirable and intensive care may be necessary due to the rapid deterioration in some cases. Various methods for the treatment of acute disease has proven to be very effective passive immunization after onset of symptoms is probably ineffective. Ribavirin and other antiviral and interferon therapy has a positive effect in the symptomatic treatment includes patients.A rehydration and pain relief with medications such as paracetamol. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin for example) should not be given because of its anticoagulant effect, which can be devastating in cases of internal bleeding that can occur with yellow fever.

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