Swine influenza is a common name, given the relatively new influenza (flu), that caused the influenza pandemic in 2009-2010. It is also known as H1N1 (because it is the H1N1 strain of the virus). From now on, these pages refer to patients with influenza H1N1.

Current Situation

10. August 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that the pandemic influenza H1N1 has been officially ended. However, it is important not to ignore the H1N1 flu. The H1N1 flu is a virus circulating this winter main. Thus, H1N1 influenza in the vaccine against seasonal influenza 2010-11. Vaccination It is recommended that people in high risk groups get vaccinated against the H1N1 influenza (flu). This includes all pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy. Pregnant women in high-risk groups and those not in high-risk groups are encouraged to take the seasonal flu vaccine, which protects against the H1N1 virus. This is because there is good evidence that all pregnant women are at higher risk for complications from influenza H1N1. For more information, see the advice for pregnant women. So far, only pregnant women in high-risk groups were invited to take the vaccine against seasonal influenza. General information about influenza, see Health Topics AZ of seasonal flu and seasonal influenza vaccine.

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What if you have the flu H1N1

People with H1N1 have typically a fever or high temperature (over 38C or 100.4F) and may also have muscle aches, sore throat or dry cough (see symptoms of the flu). The symptoms are very similar to other types of seasonal flu. Most people recover within a week, even without special treatment. If you think you have influenza H1N1, consult your doctor. They decide the most appropriate action to take. National Pandemic Influenza service no longer works.

High-risk groups

Some people are at higher risk for complications from influenza. People are particularly vulnerable if:

• Chronic lung (long term)
• Chronic heart disease
• Chronic kidney disease
• Chronic liver disease
• Chronic neurological disease (neurological diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease)
• Immunosuppression (whether caused by disease or treatment)
• Diabetes

Also at risk are:

• Patients who have undergone treatment of asthma medications during the last three years
• Pregnant women
• People aged 65 and over

View H1N1 – Prevention for a complete list of persons recommended to have vaccination against flu this year.

Halting the spread of the virus

The main way to stop the spread of influenza is to have good respiratory and hand hygiene. This means sneeze into a tissue and quickly placed in a tray. Wash your hands and work surfaces frequently and thoroughly to eliminate the virus. Anyone who is concerned about flu symptoms should consult their physician to determine the most appropriate measures to take.

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Epidemic

An epidemic is a sudden outbreak of a disease that spreads through a population in a short period of time.

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tetanus pictures, tetanus shot side effects, tetanus causes, tetanus shot, tetanus booster, tetanus vaccine, tetanus symptoms, tetanus treatment, tetanus bacteria, clostridium tetani

Tetanus, also known as tetanus is a serious disease, but preventable disease that affects muscles and nerves. It is usually due to skin wound contaminated by bacteria called Clostridium tetani, which is often observed in the country.

When bacteria are in the body, they produce a neurotoxin (a protein that acts as a poison for the nervous system of the organism) known as tetanospasmin that causes muscle spasms. Toxin can travel throughout the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. As it circulates more widely, the toxin interferes with the normal activity of nerves throughout the body, causing generalized muscle spasms. Without treatment, tetanus can be fatal.
United States, most cases of tetanus follow contaminated cut or deep holes in the injury, as the wound-induced nail step. Sometimes the damage is so small the person does not even see a doctor. Injuries, which the dead skin (such as burns, frostbite, gangrene, or crush) can cause tetanus. Wounds contaminated with soil, saliva or feces – especially if not properly cleaned – and bites from non-sterile needles (such as drug use or a tattoo or piercing self-made) are at increased risk.

Another form of tetanus, neonatal tetanus in newborns occurs delivered in unsanitary conditions, especially if the umbilical cord stump becomes contaminated. Before vaccination, neonatal tetanus was much more widespread in the United States. Now, routine immunizations for tetanus produce antibodies that mothers go to their unborn children. These maternal antibodies and sanitary cord-care techniques have made the newborn tetanus very rare in developed countries.

Self-tetanus is usually rare in the United States and other nations with tetanus vaccination programs – fewer than 50 cases of tetanus are reported each year in the U.S.. However, many developing countries are less effective prevention and immunization programs against tetanus, so the disease is more common there.

Signs and symptoms

Tetanus often begins with muscle spasms in the jaw (called trismus), and may be accompanied by difficulty swallowing and stiffness or pain in the muscles of the neck, shoulders or back. These spasms can spread to the muscles of the abdomen, arms and thighs. Symptoms can occur anywhere from several days to several months after exposure to bacteria.

Prevention

There are two important ways to prevent tetanus:

1-) Vaccinated against tetanus

2-) After the injury, which can cause tetanus, can be a shot (post-exposure tetanus prophylaxis)

For children, tetanus immunization is part of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis) vaccine. They often receive a series of four doses of DTaP vaccine before 2 years, followed by a booster dose at 4-6 years. After that, a booster (Tdap) is recommended 11 to 12 years, then, tetanus and diphtheria every 10 years through adulthood. Make sure your children do not miss their appointments so that the vaccines are administered on time.

As with all immunization schedules, there are important exceptions and special circumstances. Your doctor will have the most current information.

tetanus post-exposure prophylaxis is also the tetanus, but after an injury. Vaccines given by the number of years since the last reminder of the patient, the total number of vaccines against tetanus, the patient received and the nature of the injury. Your doctor may recommend a booster against tetanus (Td, DTaP, or Tdap, depending on patient age and previous immunizations) and / or an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) to neutralize the toxins released by bacteria.

Neonatal tetanus can be prevented by ensuring that all pregnant women had their immunization against tetanus, by delivering babies in sanitary conditions, and by proper umbilical cord care. If you are pregnant, discuss your immunization record with your obstetrician well before your due date.

Any skin wound – especially a deep puncture or wound may be contaminated with feces, soil, or saliva – should be cleaned and covered immediately. While it is important to clean all wounds, remember that cleanliness is not a substitute for vaccination.

Treatment
Doctors play an important role to prevent tetanus, ensuring that children’s vaccinations are up to date and to provide post-exposure prophylaxis, if your child has a wound that is at risk of tetanus.

A child who develops tetanus treated in hospital, usually in the intensive care unit (ICU). There, the child is usually antibiotics kill bacteria and TIG to neutralize the toxins that the bacteria have already published. Kids will also receive medicines that control muscle spasms and may be subject to treatment to support vital bodily functions.

When to Call the Doctor
If you do not know if their children have been vaccinated against tetanus, or if you know they are not fully immunized, call your doctor. If more than 10 years that someone in your family has had a tetanus booster, schedule an office visit for updating immunizations.

If the event is a hole or other deep wound, clean the wound and call your doctor and discuss whether the child should receive post-exposure prevention of tetanus. If a child develops muscle spasms and tetanus – especially when given a wound – seek medical attention immediately.

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