bacteriology

Bacteria, along with blue-green algae, are prokaryotic cells. That is, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus; rather the genetic material is constrained to an area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells also do not have cytoplasmic compartment such as mitochondria and lysosomes that are found in eukaryotes. However, a structure that is found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotic pet cells is the cell wall which allows bacteria to resist osmotic stress and anxiety. These cell walls differ in complexness and bacteria are generally divided into two major groups, the gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, which reflect their cell wall structure. The ownership of this cell wall, which is not a component of animal cells, gives rise to the different antibiotic sensitivities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes also differ in some very important metabolic path ways, specifically in their power metabolic processes and many bacterial varieties can embrace an anaerobic existence. In this section, we shall look at the structure of typical bacterial cells and the ways in which they liberate power from complicated organic molecules. Various aspects of bacterial structure and metabolism are the basis of bacterial identification and taxonomy. Bacteria are constantly accumulating mutational changes and their environment imposes a strong selective pressure on them. Thus, they constantly and rapidly evolve. In addition, they exchange genetic information, usually between members of the same species but occasionally between members of different species. We shall see how this occurs. Microorganisms have parasites, the viruses called bacteriophages which are obligate intracellular parasitic organisms that multiply inside bacteria by making use of some or all of the host biosynthetic machinery. Subsequently, these lyze the infected microbial cell liberating new infection phage particles. The interrelationships of bacteria and the phages will be researched. Finally, we shall look at basic aspects of microbial pathogenesis, that is how bacteria damage the host organism, before surveying a variety of human sicknesses that are triggered by bacteria.

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